This week's edition of Psych Wednesdays was written by Kate Reilly Thorson. It was originally published on Psych Your Mind on February 7, 2014.

[caption id="attachment\_10514" align="alignright" width="240"] Happy Birthday, Facebook![/caption]

Over the past ten years, Facebook has added a new dimension to the social lives of over a billion people. Given its popularity, it has become the topic of a growing body of research in the social sciences. For Facebook’s 10th birthday, I collected ten discoveries this research has yielded and share brief summaries below. If you’re on Facebook, then this research applies to you! Happy birthday, Facebook!

1. Does Facebook help us feel better by fulfilling our need for social connection? The authors of one study text-messaged people five times per day for two weeks and asked people about their Facebook use and their well-being. The more people used Facebook at one time, the worse they felt the next time they were text-messaged. In addition, over the two weeks of the study, the more people used Facebook, the more their life satisfaction decreased.

[caption id="attachment\_10526" align="alignright" width="240"] Be a more active Facebook user[/caption]

2. If you want to use Facebook without experiencing these deficits in subjective well-being, try being a more active user when you are on the site. One study documented that participating in active interactions, like leaving wall posts or “liking” friends’ content, predicted less loneliness and more social capital. Consuming content more passively, such as browsing through other people’s profiles, however, was associated with more loneliness and less social capital.

3. How much can your Facebook profile reveal about your personality? Research has documented that certain objective measures of profiles are related to users’ self-reported personality. For example, the amount of information people list on their profiles, like number of favorite TV shows or music interests, is positively correlated with their social anxiety.

[caption id="attachment\_10515" align="alignright" width="240"] Judging narcissism on Facebook[/caption]

4. Another personality trait that is frequently associated with social media is narcissism. In a study where people rated the profiles of strangers, researchers found certain elements of a profile that contributed to impressions of narcissism. For example, the more attractive people were in their profile photos, the more others rated them as narcissistic. In addition, the more social interactions (measured as number of friends and wall posts) people had on Facebook, the more others rated them as narcissistic.

[caption id="attachment\_10521" align="alignright" width="240"] Facebook profile[/caption]

5. If someone saw your Facebook profile, would they form a similar impression of you as if they met you in person? Research suggests yes: if you are liked on the basis of your profile, you are also liked on the basis of face-to-face interactions. One criterion people use to make these judgments is social expressivity. The more socially expressive people were in person and online, the more people who viewed their web page or talked with them liked them.

[caption id="attachment\_10516" align="alignright" width="240"] Status updates[/caption]

6. When you post a status update, how disappointed are you if no one likes it or comments on it? One study showed that the importance people placed on receiving comments about their status updates predicted lower levels of self-esteem, which then predicted lower feelings of belongingness.

7. Although people with low self-esteem are often hesitant to disclose information about themselves to others and thereby form social bonds, research suggests they see Facebook as a safe and desirable outlet for disclosure. Unfortunately, though, low-self esteem people tend to post updates that are more negative than people high in self-esteem. This type of disclosure then backfires - instead of creating social connections, it causes other individuals to like them less.

[caption id="attachment\_10517" align="alignright" width="240"] Facebook friends[/caption]

8. A Facebook friend may not always be a friend you have met in person. In addition to the privacy and safety concerns this raises, research suggests this may also affect how we see ourselves in comparison to others. Spending time on Facebook can be associated with thinking that other people are living happier and better lives you, and this is especially true for those who include people they have not met personally among their Facebook friends.

[caption id="attachment\_10529" align="alignright" width="300"] Social influence on Facebook[/caption]

9. Can Facebook influence your behavior through your friends? If you logged on to Facebook in the U.S. on November 2, 2010, and were 18 or older at the time, you were part of an experiment on social influence. On this U.S. congressional election day, Facebook showed some users a news feed message that encouraged them to vote, along with pictures of their Facebook friends who voted. Other users saw the message but without pictures of their friends. People who saw the message along with pictures of their friends were significantly more likely to vote than people who saw the message without pictures of their friends.

10. Though Facebook is still increasing in number of users, some people have quit Facebook altogether. Who are the people who “commit virtual identity suicide” (as one paper called it)? An international study of Facebook quitters revealed that they felt more addicted to the internet, meaning it affected their daily routine, social life, productivity, sleeping pattern, and feelings, more than current Facebook users. They were also significantly more cautious about their privacy, with 48% of them citing privacy concerns as their primary reason for closing their accounts.

Did any of this research surprise you? Do you have other questions about Facebook that research could help answer? Let us know in the comments!

References:

1. Kross E, Verduyn P, Demiralp E, Park J, Lee DS, Lin N, Shablack H, Jonides J, & Ybarra O (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PloS one, 8 (8) PMID: 23967061

2.Burke, M., Marlo, C., & Lento, T. (2010). Social network activity and social well-being Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1909-1912 DOI: 10.1145/1753326.1753613

3. Fernandez, K.C., Levinson, C. A., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2012). Profiling: Predicting Social Anxiety From Facebook Profiles Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3 (6), 706-713 DOI: 10.1177/1948550611434967

4. Buffardi, L. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and Social Networking Web Sites Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (10), 1303-1314 DOI: 10.1177/0146167208320061

5. Weisbuch M, Ivcevic Z, & Ambady N (2009). On Being Liked on the Web and in the "Real World": Consistency in First Impressions across Personal Webpages and Spontaneous Behavior. Journal of experimental social psychology, 45 (3), 573-576 PMID: 20161314

6. Clerkin EM, Smith AR, & Hames JL (2013). The interpersonal effects of Facebook reassurance seeking. Journal of affective disorders, 151 (2), 525-30 PMID: 23850160

7. Forest, A.L., & Wood, J.V. (2012). When Social Networking Is Not Working Individuals With Low Self-Esteem Recognize but Do Not Reap the Benefits of Self-Disclosure on Facebook Psychological Science, 23 (3), 295-302

8. Chou, H.T.G., & Edge, N. (2012). 'They Are Happier and Having Better Lives than I Am': The Impact of Using Facebook on Perceptions of Others' Lives Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15 (2), 117-121 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2011.0324

9. Bond, R.M., Fariss, C.J., Jones, J.J., Kramer, A.D., Marlow, C., Settle, E., & Fowler, J.H. (2012). A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature, 489 (7415), 295-298 DOI: 10.1038/nature11421

10. Stieger, S., Burger, C., Bohn, M., & Voracek, M. (2013). Who commits virtual identity suicide? Differences in privacy concerns, Internet addiction, and personality between Facebook users and quitters. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0323